Sea Birds Fall Surveys - 1975 to 2008

CDAS 3.11 – Marine Birds and Mammals at Sea 

APPENDIX - SUMMARY OF STUDIES

The current data set includes 29 studies; more may be added. Details on studies are provided 
below and in the summary table following. Data from 19 aerial survey programs, 6 ship 
survey programs, and 4 small boat survey programs are included. Some data sets have 
restrictions on availability – see text. 

Please reference this compilation as CDAS 3.11 Marine Birds and Mammals at Sea. 
Washington, Oregon, California 1975-2008. Preparedfor California Department of Fish and 
Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response. Data CD and Display Software. 2009. 

MMS Surveys and Related Studies 

Several studies funded by the Minerals ManagementService are included inthis compilation. 

Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys of the Southern California Bight 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION:K. S. Norris and B. J. Le Boeuf, University of 
California, Santa Cruz, and G. L. Hunt, University of California, Irvine. 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
The Southern California Bight, from Point Conception to the U.S.-Mexico boundary and 
offshore to the 2,000 m isobath, May 1975 through March 1978. 

METHODOLOGY: Aerial and ship surveys were conducted along pre-established transects 
designed to systematically sample marine mammal and seabird abundance in all waters of the 
study area. Aerial surveys were conducted at two altitudes (200 ft and about 750-1,000 ft 
ASL) alternating at 2-3 week intervals. Seabirds and pinnipeds were recorded only on the 
low-altitude surveys which predominantly sampled along eight lines of latitude, separated by 
25 nm, and connecting lines of longitude. High-altitude surveys sampled cetacean abundance 
along 15 Loran lines oriented northeast-southwest and separated by 12-15 nm. On lowaltitude surveys, seabirds were counted only within a 50 m corridor on the shaded side of the aircraft. Marine mammals were counted in anunbounded corridor on one side of the aircraft on low-altitude surveys and both sides of the aircraft on high-altitude surveys. A clinometer or marks on the wing-strut were used to estimate the declination, and the measurement or estimate later used to calculate probability density functions of frequency with right-angle 
distance. Ships were used for surveys of inshore waters along standard (i.e., predetermined 
and replicate) transects and for search, catch, and tagging/tracking of small cetaceans. The 
standard ship transect cruises sampled abundance of seabirds and marine mammals over 
banks, basins, and ridges in waters inshore ofthe Patton Escarpment (the shelf break). 
Seabirds and marine mammals were counted on both sides of the cruise track and distance 
estimated or measured with a range-finder. Catch cruises attempted to find and remain with 
schools of common dolphin and other small cetaceans; therefore, data on sightings from these 
cruises cannot be used as samples of animal abundance. The Southern California Bight Study 
also included ground and aerial censuses of pinniped and seabird colonies, and special studies 
of productivity, mortality rates, and foraging range. 

STUDIES and CODES: 
SHIMAM -- So. Calif. Bight High Aerial [Cetaceans Only] 
SLOMAM -- So. Calif. Bight Low Aerial [Mammals Only] 
SLOBRD -- So. Calif. Bight Low Aerial [Birds Only] 
SCBSHP -- So. Calif. Bight Ship Surveys [Birds and Mammals] 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and the original 
studies. 

REFERENCES: 
Bonnell, M. L., B. J. Le Boeuf, M. O. Pierson, D. H. Dettman, and G. D. Farrens. 1981. Pinnipeds of the 
Southern California Bight. Part I of Investigator's Reports, Summary of Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys 
of the Southern California Bight Area, 1975-1978. Final Report prepared by the University of California, Santa 
Cruz, for the Bureau of Land Management, Contract No. AA550-CT7-36. National Technical Information 
Service, Springfield, Virginia. NTIS # PB-81-248-171. 535 pp. 

Briggs, K. T., E. W. Chu, D. B. Lewis,W. B. Tyler, R. L. Pitman, and G. L. Hunt. 1981. Distribution, Numbers, 
and Seasonal Status of Seabirds of the Southern California Bight. Part III of Investigator's Reports, Summary of 
Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys of the Southern California Bight Area, 1975-1978. Final Report prepared 
by the University of California, Santa Cruz, for the Bureau of Land Management, Contract No. AA550-CT7-36. 
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia. NTIS # PB-81-248-197. 470 pp. 

Briggs, K.T., W.B. Tyler, D.B. Lewis,and D.R. Carlson. 1987. Bird communities at sea off California: 1975 to 
1983. Stud. Avian Biol. 11. 

Dohl, T. P., K. S. Norris, R. C. Guess, J. D. Bryant and M. W. Honig. 1981. Cetacea of the Southern California 
Bight. Part II of Investigator's Reports, Summary of Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys of the Southern 
California Bight Area, 1975-1978. Final Report prepared by the University of California, Santa Cruz, for the 
Bureau of Land Management, Contract No. AA550-CT7-36. National Technical Information Service, 
Springfield, Virginia. NTIS # PB81248189. 414 pp. 

Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys of Central and Northern California 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION:Thomas P. Dohl, Center for Marine Studies, 
University of California, Santa Cruz. 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
Shelf, slope, and offshore watersto a distance of 100 nm off the California coast from Point 
Conception to the California-Oregon boundary, February 1980 through June 1983. 

METHODOLOGY:Offshore transect surveys were flown twice-monthly at two different 
altitudes (200 ft and about 750-1,000 ft ASL) along approximately40 east-west transect lines 
extending an average of 60 nm offshore. The transects sampled on a given survey were 
selected randomly from a set of 92 standard (predetermined) lines spaced at intervals of 5' of 
latitude. Standard transects provided systematic coverage of shelf, slope, and offshore waters 
in the study area. Sightings of seabirds, pinnipeds, and sea otters were recorded only on lowaltitude surveys. Sightings of cetaceans and turtles wererecorded on both low- and highaltitude surveys. Seabird sightings were recorded only on the shaded side of the aircraft within a strip transect of 50 m width. Marine mammal and turtle sightings were recorded within an unbounded corridor on both high- and low-altitude surveys, butonly the shaded side of the aircraft was searched on the low-altitude surveys. Cross-legs connecting standard 
transects were searched only on high-altitude surveys. Offshore cross-legs were searched on both sides of the aircraft, while only the nearshore side was searched on cross-legs along the coast. Declination angle was measured and noted for each marine mammal/turtle sightings and later used to calculate a probability density function of frequency with right-angle sighting distance. Navigation was by Loran and VLF-Omega. 

STUDIES and CODES: 
CHIMAM -- Central/Northern Calif - High Aerial [Cetaceans Only] 
CLALL1 -- Central/Northern Calif - Low Aerial [Birds and Mammals] Part 1
CLALL2 -- Central/Northern Calif - Low Aerial [Birds and Mammals] Part 2 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and the original studies.
 
REFERENCES: 
Bonnell, M. L., M. O. Pierson, and G. D. Farrens. 1983. Pinnipeds and Sea Otters of Central and Northern 
California, 1980-1983: Status, Abundance, and Distribution. Part of Investigator's Final Report, Marine 
Mammal and Seabird Study, Central and Northern California, Contract No. 14-12-0001-29090. Prepared by 
Center for Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, for the Pacific OCS Region, Minerals 
Management Service. OCS Study MMS 84-0044. 220 pp.
 
Briggs, K. T., W. B. Tyler, D. B. Lewis, and K. F. Dettman. 1983. Seabirds of Central and Northern California, 
1980-1983: Status, Abundance, and Distribution. Part of Investigator's Final Report, Marine Mammal and 
Seabird Study, Central and Northern California, Contract No. 14-12-0001-29090. Prepared by Center for 
Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, for the Pacific OCS Region, Minerals Management 
Service. OCS Study MMS 84-0043. 246 pp. 

Dohl, T. P., R. C. Guess, M. L. Duman, and R. C. Helm. 1983. Cetaceans of Central and Northern California, 
1980-1983: Status, Abundance, and Distribution. Part of Investigator's Final Report, Marine Mammal and 
Seabird Study, Central and Northern California, Contract No. 14-12-0001-29090. Prepared by Center for 
Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, for the Pacific OCS Region, Minerals Management 
Service. OCS Study MMS 84-0045. 284 pp. 

California Seabird Ecology Study 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION: Kenneth T. Briggs, Institute of Marine 
Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz; portions of this work were done by D. G. 
Ainley and others at Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, CA, and by L. B. Spear 
and others at Science Applications International Corporation, Monterey, CA. 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
From Monterey Bay to about Bodega Head., 1984 through 1987. 

METHODOLOGY: Surveys of seabird abundance and distribution were done by aircraft and 
by ship (not included here). Data collection protocols for aerial surveys were identical with 
those used for the Central and Northern California Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys (see 
above). Four aerial surveys were conducted in the spring and summer of 1985 (March 12-13, 
21, May 10, 27-28). Effort data for aerial surveys consist of start-stop pairs of coordinates 
(date/time, latitude, and longitude); sightings have been assigneda position interpolated from 
the time of the observation.
 
STUDIES and CODES: 
SBECOL -- Seabird Ecology Study (Aerial Portion) [Birds and Mammals] 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and the original studies. 

REFERENCE: 
Briggs, K. T., D. G. Ainley, D. R. Carlson, D. B. Lewis, W. B. Tyler, L. B. Spear, and L. A. Ferris. 1987. Final 
Report: California Seabird Ecology Study. Prepared by the Institute ofMarine Sciences, University of 
California, Santa Cruz, for the Pacific OCS Region, Minerals Management Service, Contract No. 14-12-001-30183. vii and 153 pp. 

Briggs, K.T., W.B. Tyler, and D.B. Lewis. 1985a. Aerial surveys for seabirds: methodological experiments. 
Journal of Wildlife Management 49(2): 412-417. 

Briggs, K.T., W.B. Tyler, and D.B. Lewis. 1985b. Comparison of ship and aerial surveys of birds at sea. Journal 
of Wildlife Management 49(2):405-411. 

Briggs, K.T., W.B. Tyler, D.B. Lewis,and D.R. Carlson. 1987. Bird communities at sea off California: 1975 to 
1983. Stud. Avian Biol. 11. 

Oregon and Washington Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION: G. A. Green, Ebasco Environmental, 
Bellevue, Washington, M. L. Bonnell and K. T. Briggs, Ecological Consulting, Inc., Portland, 
Oregon 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
Pacific Ocean waters of Oregon and Washington from the coast to approximately 60 nautical 
miles offshore, April 1989 through October 1990.
 
METHODOLOGY: Aerial surveys were conducted along 32 pre-established transects 
designed to systematically sample marine mammal and seabird abundance in all waters of the 
study area. Coastal surveys and one shelf break survey werealso conducted. Standard 
transects provided systematic coverage of shelf,slope, and offshore waters in the study area. 
Sightings of seabirds, pinnipeds, cetaceans, and turtles were recorded. Seabird sightings 
were recorded only on the shaded side of the aircraft within a strip transect of 50 m width. 
Marine mammal and turtle sightings were recorded within an unbounded corridor. 
Declination angle was measured and noted for each marine mammal/turtle sightings and later 
used to calculate a probability density function of frequency with right-angle sighting distance. 
Navigation was by Loran and VLF-Omega. One ship survey was also conducted from aboard
the NOAA ship Miller Freeman during August 1989. 

STUDIES and CODES. 
OWPELB -- Oregon/Washington Aerial [Birds and Mammals] 
OWPELM -- Oregon/Washington Aerial[Mammal Observations Only] 
OWMLFR -- Oregon/Washington Ship [Bird and Mammal Observations] 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and the original studies. 

REFERENCES: 
Green, G. A., J. J. Brueggeman, C. E. Bowlby, R. A. Grotefendt, M. L. Bonnell, and K. T. Balcomb, III. 1991. 
Cetacean Distribution and Abundance Off Oregon and Washington, 1989-1990. Final Report prepared by 
Ebasco Environmental, Bellevue, WA, and Ecological Consulting, Inc. , Portland, OR, for the Minerals 
Management Service, Pacific OCS Region. OCS Study MMS 91-0093. 100 pp. 

Bonnell, M. L, C. E. Bowlby, and G. A. Green. 1991. Pinniped Distribution and Abundance Off Oregon and 
Washington, 1989-1990. Final Report prepared by Ebasco Environmental, Bellevue, WA, and Ecological 
Consulting, Inc. , Portland, OR, for the Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region. OCS Study MMS 
91-0093. 60 pp. 

Briggs, K. T., D. H. Varoujean, W. W. Williams, R. Glenn Ford, M. L. Bonnell, and J. L. Casey. 1991. Seabirds 
of the Oregon and Washington OCS, 1989-1990. Final Report prepared by Ebasco Environmental, Bellevue, 
WA, and Ecological Consulting, Inc. , Portland, OR, for the Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region. 
OCS Study MMS 91-0093. 164 pp. 

Ship-based Central California Cruise Data 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION: D. A. Ainley and L.B. Spear, PRBO (early years) 
and HT Harvey (later years). 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
Pacific Ocean waters off central California, extending from Pt. Arena to Pt. Sal. Data are from 1985-2001 and derive from three ship-based cruise sets. Rockfish Assessment Cruise data are largely from 
May and June. Other datasets include data from various seasons. 

METHODOLOGY: 
Seabird and marine mammal data were collected from the flying bridge of the NOAA 
research vessel David Starr Jordanduring rockfish assessment cruises conducted annually by 
NMFS. EPOCS transit cruises were conducted on NOAA vessels transiting from Seattle to 
the eastern tropical Pacific in order to service oceanographic buoysstationed along the 
Equator. SF-DODS cruises were conducted three times per year, once during each 
oceanographic season, and included transit from Moss Landing to the disposal site, regular 
transects within the disposal site, and fromtug boats pulling barges to the site. 
In all cruise datasets, data collection protocols were similar. Atall times when the ships were 
underway during daylight, at least two observers counted all birds and pinnipeds seen within a 
certain forequarter of the vessel (the one withleast glare). For birds and pinnipeds, strip 
width varied from 200m to 300m depending on the height of the vessel platform; cetaceans 
were counted within 400m to 800m. 

STUDIES and CODES. 
DAJVRK – NMFS Rockfish Assessment Cruises – 1985-1994 
CKJVRK – NMFS Rockfish Assessment Cruises – 1996-2001 
DAEPOC – NOAA EPOCS Transit Cruises -- 1984-1994  
DASFDD – San Francisco Deep Ocean Disposal Site Cruises – 1996-2000 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed within CDFG. Other dissemination requires prior 
authorization from the Principal Investigator. 

REFERENCES: 
Ainley, D.G., K. D. Hyrenbach. 2010. Top-down and bottom-up factors affecting seabird population trends in 
the California current system (1985–2006). Progress in Oceanography 84: 242-254. 

Ford, R.G., Ainley, D.G., Casey, J.L., Keiper, C.A., Spear, L.B. & Ballance, L.T. 2004. The biogeographic 
patterns of seabirds in the central portion of the California Current. Marine Ornithology /32: 77-96. 

NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) 2003. A Biogeographic Assessment off 
North/Central California: To Support the Joint Management Plan Review for Cordell Bank, Gulf of the 
Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries: Phase I - Marine Fishes, Birds and Mammals. 
Prepared by NCCOS’s Biogeography Team in cooperation with the NationalMarine Sanctuary Program. Silver 
Spring, MD 145 pp.
 
NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) 2007. A Biogeographic Assessment off 
North/Central California: In Support of the National Marine Sanctuaries of Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones 
and Monterey Bay. Phase II – Environmental Setting and Update to Marine Birds and Mammals. Prepared by 
NCCOS’s Biogeography Branch, R.G.Ford Consulting Co. and Oikonos Ecosystem Knowledge, in cooperation 
with the National Marine Sanctuary Program. Silver Spring, MD. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 
40. 240 pp.
 
CDFG-OSPR and Related Aerial Surveys 

Training Flights, Special Projects, and Related MMS Surveys 

Contract Number: FG7407-OS with California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), Office 
of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR); and 14-35-0001-30758 (Task 13293) with the 
Coastal Marine Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara. 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION:Michael L. Bonnell, Ph.D. (1994- 1999) 
and W. Breck Tyler (2000-2008) Institute of Marine Sciences, Universityof California, Santa Cruz. 

OBJECTIVES: Develop and maintain a capability to provide aerial surveys of marine bird 
and mammal distribution and abundance for oil spill response and post-spill injury 
assessment. 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
Coastal and inland marine waters of California, June 1994 through June 2008. 

METHODOLOGY: 
Aerial surveys were conducted in a variety of California locales with experienced observers 
and trainees. The aircraft used was a Partenavia PN68 Observer provided by the Department 
of Air Services, CDFG, flown at an altitude of 200' (60m) above ground level and at a typical 
air speed of 90 kts. Two observers (at least one experienced) occupied middle seats and 
searched a corridor of 50m (1994-2001) or 75m(2003-2008) on each side of the aircraft. 
Width was defined by clinometer and simple trigonometric functions. Species, numbers, 
behavior and other information was described on hand-held voice recorders for later 
transcription and computer entry. The co-pilot position was occupied by a 
navigator/computer operator. This individual recorded number of observers on-watch, 
transect status (i.e., on-effort, off-effort, and commutes), as well as sea state, weather and 
other observation conditions. Date, time, and position of the aircraft were recorded directly 
into the data-logging computer with time, latitude and longitude provided by a Global 
Positioning System (GPS). 

Databases produced include date, time, latitude/longitude, behavior, observation conditions, 
and other information for each sighting of marine birds, mammals, and turtles. Some surveys 
were solely for the purpose of drills and training and some were for systematic data 
collection. Effort for earlier surveys (year range) was binned to5 minute latitude longitude 
blocks and for later surveys (year range) was binned to 1 minute latitude longitude blocks. 

OSPR and UCSC provided observers for the OSPR surveys, southern California surveys 
using the same protocols were conducted by the Minerals Management Service (MMS), 
Pacific OCS Region, which provided most observers for surveys flown in Santa Barbara 
Channel and the Santa Maria Basin. 

STUDIES and CODES: 
WOSPR5 – OSPR Aerial Surveys [Birds and Mammals] 1994-2001 
MMSSBC -- So. Calif Bight/MMS Surveys [Birds and Mammals] 1995-1997 
WSOSPR -- OSPR Aerial Surveys [Birds and Mammals] 2003-2008 
LHMAMA – Marbled Murrelet Aerial Surveys – 2005-2006 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and the original 
studies. 

Aerial Surveys in Response to Various Oil Spill Incidents 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION:Michael L. Bonnell and W. Breck Tyler, 
University of California, Santa Cruz under contract to CDFG-OSPR. 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
Waters off California and in San Francisco Bay, in response to various oil spill incidents, 
1997 – 2007. 

METHODOLOGY: Aerial surveys were conducted in a variety of California locales with 
experienced observers and trainees. The aircraft used was a Partenavia PN68 Observer 
provided by the Department of Air Services, CDFG, flown at an altitude of 200' (60m) above 
ground level and at a typical air speed of 90 kts. Two observers (at least one experienced) 
occupied middle seats and searched a corridor of 50m (1994-2002) or 75m (2003-2008) on 
each side of the aircraft. Width was defined by clinometer and simple trigonometric 
functions. Species, numbers, behavior and other information was described on hand-held 
voice recorders for later transcription and computer entry. The co-pilot position was occupied 
by a navigator/computer operator. This individual recorded number of observers on-watch, 
transect status (i.e., on-effort, off-effort, and commutes), as well as sea state, weather and 
other observation conditions. Date, time, and position of the aircraft were recorded directly 
into the data-logging computer with time, latitude and longitude provided by a Global 
Positioning System (GPS). 

STUDIES and CODES: 
IRKURE – Incident Response Surveys – M.V. Kure1997 
IRCOMM – Incident Response Surveys – M.V. Command-- 1998 
IRSTUY– Incident Response Surveys – M.V. Stuyvesant1999 
IRLUCK – Incident Response Surveys – Jacob Luckenbach – 2001-2003 
IRSBCH – Incident Response Surveys – Ventura Oiled Bird Incident – 2005 
IRCOBU– Incident Response Surveys – M.V. Cosco Busan2007 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and the original studies.

REFERENCES: 
Command Oil Spill Final Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment(United States Fish and Wildlife 
Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, California Department of Fish and Game, California 
Department of Parks and Recreation, and California State Lands Commission , 2004). 
Kure/Humboldt Bay Oil Spill Final Damage Assessment Restoration Plan/Environmental Assessment, Final 
Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan/Environmental Assessment (California Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, July 2008).

S.S. Jacob Luckenbach and Associated Mystery Oil Spills Final Damage Assessment and Restoration 
Plan/Environmental Assessment(California Department of Fish and Game, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006). 

Stuyvesant/Humboldt Coast Oil Spill Final Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan/Environmental 
Assessment, (California Department of Fish and Game, California State Lands Commission, and United States 
Fish and Wildlife Service, 2007). 
 
Other California Studies 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)/AFFILIATION:Laird Henkel, University of California, Santa 
Cruz, HT Harvey & Associates, and CDFG-OSPR. 

STUDY AREA and TIME PERIOD: 
Various studies in nearshore waters off centralCalifornia , 1999 – 2007. 

METHODOLOGY:  
Boat-based surveys were conducted from small boats (< 6m) in nearshore waters (< 2km from 
shore) off California. Surveys were conducted off San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties, with 
the exception of “Morro Bay Boat Surveys”off San Luis Obispo County. Experienced 
observers recorded all birds within a 50m corridor on each side of the vessel. Observer height 
varied from approximately 1m to 3m off the water.Survey speed was typically 15-20 km/hr. 

STUDIES and CODES: 
LHMAMB – Marbled Murrelet Boat Surveys – 2005-2006 
MAMUMB – Morro Bay Boat Surveys – 2003-2004 
MAMUCC – Central California Boat Surveys -- 2007 
ANUEVO -- Año Nuevo Boat Surveys – 1999-2002 

DATA AVAILABILITY: 
These data may be distributed freely. Please cite this compilation and “L. Henkel, 
unpubl. data.” 

REFERENCES: 
HENKEL, L.A., FORD, R.G., TYLER, W.B. & DAVIS, J.N. 2007. Comparison of aerialand boat-based survey 
methods for Marbled Murrelets Brachyramphus marmoratus and other marine birds. Marine Ornithology 35: 
145–151. 

Peery, M.Z., L.A. Henkel, B.H. Becker, S.H. Newman, J.T. Harvey, C. Thompson, and S.R. Beissinger. 2008. 
Effects of rapid flight-feather molt on post-breeding dispersal in a pursuit-diving seabird. Auk 125(1): 113-123. 

Various.  See "Supplimental Information" section.